Vitiligo is a skin condition characterised by the formation of light-coloured areas on the skin due to the loss of a pigment known as melanin[1]. The most prominent symptom of vitiligo is the irregular loss of skin colour, resulting in the formation of white or light-coloured patches on the skin[2]. This condition, also called ‘Ala disease’ or ‘pied disease’, can affect individuals both physically and emotionally, as visible changes in skin pigmentation can affect self-esteem and body image[3]. Vitiligo typically appears on areas such as the back of the hands, around the eyes, knees, elbows, and feet, and often exhibits a symmetrical pattern over time[3]. Although the exact cause of vitiligo is unknown, it is believed to be influenced by autoimmune, genetic and environmental factors[4].

The causes of vitiligo are multifactorial; they include autoimmune responses in which the immune system mistakenly attacks melanocytes, the cells responsible for melanin production, leading to depigmentation of the skin[4]. In addition, vitiligo can be associated with other conditions such as thyroid disease and anaemia, highlighting the complex nature of this skin disorder[5]. Although there is no definitive treatment for vitiligo, several treatment options are available to manage the condition and improve skin pigmentation. Phototherapy, which utilises ultraviolet rays similar to those found in sunlight, has been effective in treating vitiligo by stimulating melanocyte function and repigmentation[6]. The treatment plan in vitiligo is shaped according to factors such as the age of the patient, the extent of the affected area, and the severity of the disease[7].

Diagnosing vitiligo typically involves a physical examination of the skin, including a thorough evaluation of the affected areas and assessment of the extent of depigmentation. Dermatologists are specialised medical professionals who diagnose and treat skin disorders, including vitiligo[5]. It is important for individuals experiencing vitiligo symptoms to seek medical advice from a dermatologist for accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plan[6]. Although vitiligo is not a contagious disease, its effect on skin pigmentation and general appearance can significantly affect the quality of life of the individual[3]. By understanding the definition, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for vitiligo, individuals can better manage this skin condition and seek appropriate medical care for optimal skin health and well-being.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is vitiligo and what are its symptoms?

A: Vitiligo is a skin condition characterised by the formation of white patches on different parts of the body due to the loss of melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation. Symptoms include patches of depigmentation of the skin, usually starting on sun-exposed areas such as the face, hands and feet.

 

Q: What are the common causes of vitiligo?

A: The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood but is believed to be a combination of genetic, autoimmune and environmental factors. Factors such as family history, autoimmune conditions and triggers such as stress, sunburn or skin trauma may contribute to the development of vitiligo.

 

Q: How does vitiligo affect individuals psychologically and socially?

A: Vitiligo can have a significant psychological impact on individuals, which can lead to self-consciousness, low self-esteem and depression. Socially, individuals with vitiligo may face stigma, discrimination and misunderstandings about the condition, which can affect their social interactions and quality of life.

 

Q: What progress has been made in vitiligo research and treatment?

A: Current research into vitiligo focuses on understanding the mechanisms underlying the condition, developing new treatment approaches and investigating emerging therapies such as oral JAK inhibitors. Medical treatments for vitiligo include topical creams, light therapy and surgical options, and research aimed at improving outcomes for individuals with vitiligo is ongoing.